Tomcat介绍
Tomcat 服务器是一个免费的开放源代码的Web 应用服务器，属于轻量级应用服务器，在中小型系统和并发访问用户不是很多的场合下被普遍使用
Tomcat 具有处理HTML静态资源页面的功能，它还是一个Servlet和JSP容器
一、centos7 基础环境
#修改主机名
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname c7-ca-200
#修改固定IP
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
TYPE="Ethernet"
BOOTPROTO="none"
IPADDR=172.29.7.51
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=172.29.7.254
DNS1=114.114.114.114
NAME="ens33"
DEVICE="ens33"
ONBOOT="yes"
#重启网卡
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# nmcli connection reload ;nmcli connection up ens33
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6)
#修改selinux为警告状态
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
#Disabled ：不启用控制系统。
#permissive：开启控制系统，但是处于警告模式。即使你违反了策略的话它让你继续操作，但是把你的违反的内容记录下来。
#Enforcing：开启控制系统，处于强制状态。一旦违反了策略，就无法继续操作下去。
SELINUX=permissive
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
#动态修改selinux为警告状态
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# setenforce 0
#永久停止防火墙
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
#修改时区
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
#时间同步
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /etc/chrony.conf
# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
#修改为阿里云时间服务器
server ntp1.alliyun.com iburst
#server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 1.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 2.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 3.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
....
#重启、开机自启、查看是否生效
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl restart chronyd
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl enable --now chronyd
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# chronyc -n sources
210 Number of sources = 1
MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample
===============================================================================
^? 173.255.248.194 0 7 0 - +0ns[ +0ns] +/- 0ns
二、Java安装
1、yum源安装
#查看以java开头的所有可用版本
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# yum list java* --showduplicates
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
Installed Packages
java-1.7.0-openjdk.x86_64 1:1.7.0.261-2.6.22.2.el7_8 @anaconda
java-1.7.0-openjdk-headless.x86_64 1:1.7.0.261-2.6.22.2.el7_8 @anaconda
java-1.8.0-openjdk.x86_64 1:1.8.0.262.b10-1.el7 @anaconda
java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless.x86_64 1:1.8.0.262.b10-1.el7 @anaconda
.....
#安装tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# yum -y install java-1.8.0-openjdk java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless
#查看tomcat版本
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_402"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_402-b06)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.402-b06, mixed mode)1.java hello world test
编译一个hello world的java程序
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# yum -y install java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat hello_world.java
class Hello{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("hello,world");
}
}
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# javac hello_world.java
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ll
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 421 Feb 14 09:31 Hello.class
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 98 Feb 14 09:30 hello_world.java
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# java Hello
hello,world
2、rpm安装
#去官网找自己需要的版本，现在oracle那个官网不知道怎么回事不让直接使用wget下载了
https://www.oracle.com/cn/java/technologies/javase/javase8u211-later-archive-downloads.html
#下载完成后通过工具传上去，我这里用的xftp
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ls jdk-8u391-linux-x64.rpm -lh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 138M Feb 14 09:46 jdk-8u391-linux-x64.rpm
#可以用yum也可以用rpm，yum的好处就是如果存在依赖程序会自动下载
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# yum -y install jdk-8u391-linux-x64.rpm
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# java -version
java version "1.8.0_391"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_391-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.391-b13, mixed mode)
#配置java所需的环境
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/default
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
#source和 . 都可以，就是为了执行一下
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
#目前的环境
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/java/default/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
#java的路径
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# which java
/usr/java/default/bin/java
#文件目录在 /usr/java 下
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ls /usr/java/
default jdk1.8.0-x64 latest3、二进制安装
#官网网址
https://www.oracle.com/cn/java/technologies/javase/javase8u211-later-archive-downloads.html
#解压、切换目录、设置软链接，也可以mv修改目录名，但是不推荐
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# tar xf jdk-8u391-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# ln -s jdk1.8.0_391/ jdk
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# cat /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# . /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_262"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_262-b10)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.262-b10, mixed mode)三、Tomcat安装
1、yum源安装
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# yum list tomcat* --showduplicates
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
Available Packages
tomcat.noarch 7.0.76-15.el7 base
tomcat.noarch 7.0.76-16.el7_9 updates
tomcat-admin-webapps.noarch 7.0.76-15.el7 base
tomcat-admin-webapps.noarch 7.0.76-16.el7_9 updates
tomcat-docs-webapp.noarch 7.0.76-15.el7 base
tomcat-docs-webapp.noarch 7.0.76-16.el7_9 updates
tomcat-el-2.2-api.noarch 7.0.76-15.el7 base
tomcat-el-2.2-api.noarch 7.0.76-16.el7_9 updates
....
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# yum -y install tomcat tomcat-webapps tomcat-admin-webapps tomcat-docs-webapp
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl enable --now tomcat
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/tomcat.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service.
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ps -aux | grep tomcat
avahi 694 0.0 0.0 62268 2264 ? Ss 10:08 0:00 avahi-daemon: running [c7-tomcat-master-51.local]
tomcat 2449 28.6 7.3 4570840 282204 ? Ssl 10:28 0:11 /usr/lib/jvm/jre/bin/java -Djavax.sql.DataSource.Factory=org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSourceFactory -classpath /usr/share/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/share/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar:/usr/share/java/commons-daemon.jar -Dcatalina.base=/usr/share/tomcat -Dcatalina.home=/usr/share/tomcat -Djava.endorsed.dirs= -Djava.io.tmpdir=/var/cache/tomcat/temp -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/share/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start
root 2525 0.0 0.0 112812 968 pts/0 S+ 10:28 0:00 grep --color=auto tomcat
1.浏览器测试
2、编译安装
#下载二进制包
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# wget http://dlcdn.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.85/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.85.tar.gz
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# tar xf apache-tomcat-9.0.85.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# cd /usr/local/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# ln -s apache-tomcat-9.0.85 tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# cat /etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
PATH=/usr/local/tomcat/bin:$PATH
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# . /etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/tomcat/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/jdk/bin
#查看tomcat相关信息
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# catalina.sh version
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:
Server version: Apache Tomcat/9.0.85
Server built: Jan 5 2024 08:28:07 UTC
Server number: 9.0.85.0
OS Name: Linux
OS Version: 3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
Architecture: amd64
JVM Version: 1.8.0_391-b13
JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
#启动tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:
Tomcat started.
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# ps -aux | grep tomcat
avahi 681 0.0 0.0 62268 2268 ? Ss 10:30 0:00 avahi-daemon: running [c7-tomcat-master-51.local]
root 2505 16.5 3.1 4558096 119776 pts/0 Sl 11:02 0:02 /usr/local/jdk/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048 -Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=org.apache.catalina.webresources -Dorg.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener.UMASK=0027 -Dignore.endorsed.dirs= -classpath /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -Dcatalina.base=/usr/local/tomcat -Dcatalina.home=/usr/local/tomcat -Djava.io.tmpdir=/usr/local/tomcat/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start
root 2538 0.0 0.0 112812 968 pts/0 S+ 11:02 0:00 grep --color=auto tomcat
#关闭tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# shutdown.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 local]# ps -aux | grep tomcat
avahi 681 0.0 0.0 62268 2268 ? Ss 10:30 0:00 avahi-daemon: running [c7-tomcat-master-51.local]
root 2582 0.0 0.0 112812 968 pts/0 S+ 11:04 0:00 grep --color=auto tomcat
1.配置service文件
#创造tomcat启动时所需要的用户
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin tomcat
#用于service确定java路径
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
#修改属主属组
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# chown -R tomcat:tomcat /usr/local/tomcat/
#复制就行，想了解怎么写的，简单的方法可以先去看看yum安装的service怎么写，慢慢了解
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service
[Unit]
Description=Tomcat
After=syslog.target network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
EnvironmentFile=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
PrivateTmp=true
User=tomcat
Group=tomcat
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl enable --now tomcat
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/tomcat.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service.
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl status tomcat
● tomcat.service - Tomcat
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2024-02-14 11:07:41 CST; 22s ago
Process: 2767 ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2775 (java)
Tasks: 32
CGroup: /system.slice/tomcat.service
└─2775 /usr/local/jdk/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.Cl...
Feb 14 11:07:41 c7-tomcat-master-51 systemd[1]: Starting Tomcat...
Feb 14 11:07:41 c7-tomcat-master-51 systemd[1]: Started Tomcat.
2.浏览器测试
四、Tomcat文件结构
1、目录结构
bin 服务启动、停止等相关程序和文件
conf 配置文件
lib 库目录
logs 日志目录
webapps 应用程序，应用部署目录
work jsp编译后的结果文件，建议提前预热访问，升级应用后，删除此目录数据才能更新
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ls -lh /usr/local/tomcat/
total 128K
drwxr-x---. 2 tomcat tomcat 4.0K Feb 14 10:58 bin
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 20K Jan 5 16:28 BUILDING.txt
drwx------. 3 tomcat tomcat 273 Feb 14 11:05 conf
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 6.1K Jan 5 16:28 CONTRIBUTING.md
drwxr-x---. 2 tomcat tomcat 4.0K Feb 14 10:58 lib
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 56K Jan 5 16:28 LICENSE
drwxr-x---. 2 tomcat tomcat 197 Feb 14 11:02 logs
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 2.3K Jan 5 16:28 NOTICE
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 3.4K Jan 5 16:28 README.md
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 6.8K Jan 5 16:28 RELEASE-NOTES
-rw-r-----. 1 tomcat tomcat 17K Jan 5 16:28 RUNNING.txt
drwxr-x---. 2 tomcat tomcat 30 Feb 14 10:58 temp
drwxr-x---. 7 tomcat tomcat 81 Jan 5 16:28 webapps
drwxr-x---. 3 tomcat tomcat 22 Feb 14 11:02 work2、配置文件和日志
1.配置文件
server.xml 主配置文件
web.xml 每个webapp只有“部署”后才能被访问，它的部署方式通常由web.xml进行定义，其存放位置为WEB-INF/目录中；此文件为所有的webapps提供默认部署相关的配置,每个web应用也可以使用专用配置文件,来覆盖全局文件
context.xml 用于定义所有web应用均需加载的Context配置，此文件为所有的
webapps 提供默认配置，每个web应用也可以使用自已专用的配置，它通常由专用的配置文件context.xml来定义，其存放位置为WEB-INF/目录中,覆盖全局的文件
tomcat-users.xml 用户认证的账号和密码文件
catalina.policy 当使用security选项启动tomcat时，用于为tomcat设置安全策略
catalina.properties Tomcat 环境变量的配置，用于设定类加载器路径，以及一些与JVM调优相关参数
logging.properties Tomcat 日志系统相关的配置，可以修改日志级别和日志路径等
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ls -1 /usr/local/tomcat/conf/
Catalina
catalina.policy
catalina.properties
context.xml
jaspic-providers.xml
jaspic-providers.xsd
logging.properties
server.xml
tomcat.conf
tomcat-users.xml
tomcat-users.xsd
web.xml2.日志文件
tomcat有五类日志：catalina、localhost、manager、admin、host-manager
catalina.out
catalina.out即标准输出和标准出错，所有输出到这两个位置的都会进入catalina.out，这里包含tomcat运行自己输出的日志以及应用里向console输出的日志。默认这个日志文件是不会进行自动切割的，我们需要借助其他工具进行切割（注意：catalina.out文件如果过大会影响）
catalina.YYYY-MM-DD.log
catalina.{yyyy-MM-dd}.log是tomcat自己运行的一些日志，这些日志还会输出到catalina.out，但是应用向console输出的日志不会输出到catalina.{yyyy-MM-dd}.log,它是tomcat的启动和暂停时的运行日志，注意，它和catalina.out是里面的内容是不一样的。
localhost.YYYY-MM-DD.log
localhost.{yyyy-MM-dd}.log主要是应用初始化(listener, filter, servlet)未处理的异常最后被tomcat捕获而输出的日志,它也是包含tomcat的启动和暂停时的运行日志,但它没有catalina.2018-09-19.log日志全。它只是记录了部分日志。
localhost_access_log.YYYY-MM-DD.txt
这个是访问tomcat的日志，请求时间和资源，状态码都有记录。
host-manager.YYYY-MM-DD.log
这个是放tomcat的自带的manager项目的日志信息的，未看到有什么重要的日志信息。
manager.YYYY-MM-DD.log
这个是tomcat manager项目专有的日志文件
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ls -1 /usr/local/tomcat/logs/
catalina.2024-02-14.log
catalina.out
host-manager.2024-02-14.log
localhost.2024-02-14.log
localhost_access_log.2024-02-14.txt
manager.2024-02-14.log3、组件
顶级组件
Server，代表整个Tomcat容器，一台主机可以启动多tomcat实例，需要确保端口不要产生冲突
服务类组件
Service，实现组织Engine和Connector，建立两者之间关联关系, service 里面只能包含一个Engine
连接器组件
Connector，有HTTP（默认端口8080/tcp）、HTTPS（默认端口8443/tcp）、AJP（默认端口8009/tcp）协议的连接器，AJP（Apache Jserv protocol）是一种基于TCP的二进制通讯协议。
容器类
Engine、Host（虚拟主机）、Context(上下文件,解决路径映射)都是容器类组件，可以嵌入其它组件，内部配置如何运行应用程序。
内嵌类
可以内嵌到其他组件内，valve、logger、realm、loader、manager等。以logger举例，在不同容器组件内分别定义。
集群类组件
listener、clusterServer
服务器，Tomcat 运行的进程实例，一个Server中可以有多个service，但通常就一个
Service
服务，用来组织Engine和Connector的对应关系，一个service中只有一个Engine
Connector
连接器，负责客户端的HTTP、HTTPS、AJP等协议连接。一个Connector只属于某一个Engine
Engine
即引擎，用来响应并处理用户请求。一个Engine上可以绑定多个Connector
Host
即虚拟主机,可以实现多虚拟主机,例如使用不同的主机头区分
Context
应用的上下文，配置特定url路径映射和目录的映射关系：url => directory1.核心组件
Tomcat启动一个Server进程。可以启动多个Server，即tomcat的多实例, 但一般只启动一个
创建一个Service提供服务。可以创建多个Service，但一般也只创建一个，每个Service中，是Engine和其连接器Connector的关联配置
可以为这个Service提供多个连接器Connector，这些Connector使用了不同的协议，绑定了不同的端口。其作用就是处理来自客户端的不同的连接请求或响应
Service 内部还定义了Engine，引擎才是真正的处理请求的入口，其内部定义多个虚拟主机Host
Engine对请求头做了分析，将请求发送给相应的虚拟主机
如果没有匹配，数据就发往Engine上的defaultHost缺省虚拟主机
Engine上的缺省虚拟主机可以修改
Host 定义虚拟主机，虚拟主机有name名称，通过名称匹配
Context 定义应用程序单独的路径映射和配置<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
<Service name="Catalina">
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443"
maxParameterCount="1000"
/>
<Connector executor="tomcatThreadPool"
port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443"
maxParameterCount="1000"
/>
<Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true"
maxParameterCount="1000"
>
</Connector>
<Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol"
maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true"
maxParameterCount="1000"
>
</Connector>
<Connector protocol="AJP/1.3"
address="::1"
port="8009"
redirectPort="8443"
maxParameterCount="1000"
/>
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost" jvmRoute="jvm1">
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">
/docs/cluster-howto.html (simple how to)
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"/>
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" />
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>2.Tomcat 处理请求过程
假设来自客户的请求为：http://localhost:8080/test/index.jsp
浏览器端的请求被发送到服务端端口8080，Tomcat进程监听在此端口上。通过侦听的HTTP/1.1
Connector获得此请求。
Connector把该请求交给它所在的Service的Engine来处理，并等待Engine的响应
Engine获得请求localhost:8080/test/index.jsp，遍历它所有虚拟主机Host
Engine匹配到名为localhost的Host。如果匹配不到,就把请求交给该Engine中的defaultHost处理
localhost Host获得请求/test/index.jsp，匹配它所拥有的所有Context
Host匹配到路径为/test的Context
path=/test的Context获得请求index.jsp，在它的mapping table中寻找对应的servlet
Context匹配到URL PATTERN为 *.jsp 的servlet，对应于JspServlet类构造HttpServletRequest对
象和HttpServletResponse对象，作为参数调用JspServlet的doGet或doPost方法。
Context把执行完了之后的HttpServletResponse对象返回给Host
Host把HttpServletResponse对象返回给Engine
Engine把HttpServletResponse对象返回给Connector
Connector把HttpServletResponse对象返回给浏览器端五、Java应用部署
1、tomcat的根目录结构
Tomcat中默认网站根目录是$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/
在Tomcat中部署主站应用程序和其他应用程序，和之前WEB服务程序不同。
nginx
假设在nginx中部署2个网站应用eshop、forum，假设网站根目录是/data/nginx/html，那么部署可以 是这样的。
eshop解压缩所有文件放到 /data/nginx/html/ 目录下,forum 的文件放 在 /data/nginx/html/forum/ 下。
最终网站链接有以下对应关系
http://localhost/ 对应于eshop的应用，即 /data/nginx/html/
http://localhost/forum/ 对应于forum的应用，即/data/nginx/html/forum/Tomcat
Tomcat中默认网站根目录是$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/
在Tomcat的webapps目录中，有个非常特殊的目录ROOT，它就是网站默认根目录。
将eshop解压后的文件放到这个$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/ROOT中。
bbs解压后文件都放在$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/forum目录下。
$CATALINA_BASE/webapps下面的每个目录都对应一个Web应用,即WebApp
最终网站链接有以下对应关系
http://localhost/ 对应于eshop的应用WebApp，即$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/ROOT/目录,
http://localhost/forum/ 对应于forum的应用WebApp，即$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/forum/如果同时存在$CATALINA_BASE /webapps/ROOT/forum ，仍以 $CATALINA_BASE/webapps/forum/ 优先生效
2、JSP WebAPP目录结构
$CATALINA_BASE/webapps下面的每个目录对应的WebApp,可能有以下子目录,但下面子目录是非必须的
主页配置：默认按以下顺序查找主页文件 index.html，index.htm、index.jsp
WEB-INF/：当前目录WebApp的私有资源路径，通常存储当前应用使用的web.xml和context.xml配置文件
META-INF/：类似于WEB-INF，也是私有资源的配置信息，和WEB-INF/目录一样浏览器无法访问
classes/：类文件，当前webapp需要的类
lib/：当前应用依赖的jar包3、主页设置
1.全局配置实现修改默认主页文件
默认情况下 tomcat 会在$CATALINA_BASE/webapps/ROOT/目录下按以下次序查找文件,找到第一个则进行显示
index.html
index.htm
index.jsp
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# ls /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/ -1
asf-logo-wide.svg
bg-button.png
bg-middle.png
bg-nav.png
bg-upper.png
favicon.ico
index.jsp
RELEASE-NOTES.txt
tomcat.css
tomcat.svg
WEB-INF
可以通过修改 $CATALINA_BASE/conf/web.xml 中的下面 <welcome-file-list>标签 内容修改默认页文件
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# tail /usr/local/tomcat/conf/web.xml
<!-- here, so be sure to include any of the default values that you wish -->
<!-- to use within your application. -->
#解析按顺序执行
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>
2.WebApp的专用配置文件
将上面主配置文件conf/web.xml中的 标签 内容
复制到/usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/web.xml中，如下所示:
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# tail /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/web.xml
<display-name>Welcome to Tomcat</display-name>
<description>
Welcome to Tomcat
</description>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file> #修改三个文件的顺序
<welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>配置规则：
webApp的专有配置优先于系统的全局配置
修改系统的全局配置文件，需要重新启动服务生效
修改 webApp的专有配置，无需重启即可生效
4、应用部署实现
1.WebApp应用的归档格式
.war：WebApp打包,类zip格式文件,通常包括一个应用的所有资源,比如jsp,html,配置文件等
.jar：EJB类文件的打包压缩类zip格式文件，,包括很多的class文件, 网景公司发明
.rar：资源适配器类打包文件，目前已不常用
.ear：企业级WebApp打包，目前已不常用传统应用开发测试后，通常打包为war格式，这种文件部署到Tomcat的webapps目录下，并默认会自动 解包展开和部署上线。
#conf/server.xml中文件配置
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">2.部署方式
部署Deploy：将webapp的源文件放置到目标目录，通过web.xml和context.xml文件中配置的路径就可以访问该webapp，通过类加载器加载其特有的类和依赖的类到JVM上，即：最终用户可以通过浏览器访问该应用
自动部署：Tomcat一旦发现多了一个web应用APP.war包，默认会自动把它解压缩，加载并启动起来
手动部署：
冷部署：将webapp放到指定目录，才去启动Tomcat服务
热部署：Tomcat服务不停止，需要依赖manager、ant脚本、tcd（tomcat client deployer）等工具
反部署 undeploy：停止webapp运行，并从JVM上清除已经加载的类，从Tomcat应用目录中移除部署的文件
启动 start：启用 webapp 能够访问
停止 stop：禁用 webapp 不能访问，不能提供服务，但是JVM并不清除它3.部署WebApp的目录结构
常见开发项目目录组成
#目录结构一般由开发用工具自动生成，以下模拟生成相关目录
mkdir projects/myapp/{WEB-INF,META-INF,classes,lib} -pv
mkdir: 已创建目录 "projects"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "projects/myapp"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "projects/myapp/WEB-INF"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "projects/myapp/META-INF"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "projects/myapp/classes"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "projects/myapp/lib"
#常见应用首页，内容就用前面的test.jsp内部
vi projects/myapp/index.jsp
#手动复制项目目录到webapps目录下去
cp -r projects/myapp/ /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
#注意权限和属性
chown -R tomcat.tomcat /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/myapp
#访问http://YourIP:8080/myapp/4.JPress WebApp部署练习
#JPress官网，不过需要关注JPress公众号
https://www.jpress.cn/club/post/116
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# ll
total 119028
drwxr-x---. 16 tomcat tomcat 4096 Feb 14 10:58 docs
drwxr-x---. 7 tomcat tomcat 99 Feb 14 10:58 examples
drwxr-x---. 6 tomcat tomcat 79 Feb 14 10:58 host-manager
drwxr-x---. 6 tomcat tomcat 86 Feb 14 12:42 jpress-v5.1.0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 121880224 Feb 14 12:42 jpress-v5.1.0.war
drwxr-x---. 6 tomcat tomcat 114 Feb 14 10:58 manager
drwxr-x---. 3 tomcat tomcat 223 Feb 14 10:58 ROOT
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# ln -s jpress-v5.1.0 jpress
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# ls -1 jpress
META-INF
robots.txt
static
templates
WEB-INF
#配置mysql的yum源
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql.repo
[mysql]
name=mysql5.7
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/mysql/yum/mysql-5.7-community-el7-x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# yum -y install mysql-community-server
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
#获取mysql初始化密码
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# cat /var/log/mysqld.log |grep pass
2024-02-14T04:51:31.818837Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: -22-g%*/Z>hQ
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# mysql -uroot -p'-22-g%*/Z>hQ'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.44
Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
#密码太过简单
mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by '123456';
ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements
#登陆进去后先修够root密码
mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'Jtq123..';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
#创造JPress需要的库和用户
mysql> create database jpress;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> create user jpress@'%' identified by 'Jtq123..';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all on jpress.* to jpress@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)浏览器配置
5.基于WEB的管理Server status和Manager APP实现应用部署
实现WEB的管理Server status和Manager APP
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/manager/META-INF/context.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Context antiResourceLocking="false" privileged="true" >
<CookieProcessor className="org.apache.tomcat.util.http.Rfc6265CookieProcessor"
sameSiteCookies="strict" />
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve"
#修改此行添加|172\.29\.\d+.\d+
allow="127\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+|::1|0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1|172\.29\.\d+\.\d+" />
<Manager sessionAttributeValueClassNameFilter="java\.lang\.(?:Boolean|Integer|Long|Number|String)|org\.apache\.catalina\.filters\.CsrfPreventionFilter\$LruCache(?:\$1)?|java\.util\.(?:Linked)?HashMap"/>
</Context>
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat-users.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<tomcat-users xmlns="http://tomcat.apache.org/xml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://tomcat.apache.org/xml tomcat-users.xsd"
version="1.0">
#添加两行
<role rolename="manager-gui"/>
<user username="admin" password="123456" roles="manager-gui"/>
</tomcat-users>基于WEB应用程序管理器实现APP的部署
Web 应用程序管理界面可以实现以下功能
Applications 应用程序管理，可以启动、停止、重加载、反部署、清理过期session
Deploy 可以热部署，也可以部署war文件。
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# mkdir -p /data/myapp/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 webapps]# echo /data/myapp/index.html > /data/myapp/index.htmlContext Path (required): 指定通过浏览器访问的虚拟目录
WAR or Directory URL：指定真正存放文件的实际磁盘目录路径6.常见配置详解
端口8005/tcp 安全配置管理
在conf/server.xml 有以下内容
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
<Service name="Catalina">
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />
<Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server><Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">8005是Tomcat的管理端口，默认监听在127.0.0.1上。无需验证就可发送SHUTDOWN (大小写敏感)这个 字符串，tomcat接收到后就会关闭此Server。
此管理功能建议禁用，可将SHUTDOWN改为一串猜不出的字符串实现
或者port修改成 0, 会使用随机端口,如:36913
port设为-1等无效端口,将关闭此功能，注意：-2等不支持
此行不能被注释,否则无法启动tomcat服务
显示指定的http服务器版本信息
默认不显示tomcat的http的Server头信息, 可以指定tomcat的http的Server头信息为相应的值
#conf/server.xml
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" Server="SOME STRING"/> [root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# curl -I 127.0.0.1:8080
HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Date: Wed, 14 Feb 2024 06:26:22 GMT
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
....
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443"
maxParameterCount="1000"
Server="nginx"
/>
....
#java的启动时间比较长，先不要怀疑自己是否做错了
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# systemctl restart tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# curl -I 127.0.0.1:8080
HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Date: Wed, 14 Feb 2024 06:28:41 GMT
Server: nginx
其他配置
service配置
一般情况下，一个Server实例配置一个Service，name属性相当于该Service的ID。
<Service name="Catalina">连接器配置
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />redirectPort，如果访问HTTPS协议，自动转向这个连接器。但大多数时候，Tomcat并不会开启 HTTPS，因为Tomcat往往部署在内部HTTPS性能较差
引擎配置
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">defaultHost 配置
defaultHost指向内部定义某虚拟主机。缺省虚拟主机可以改动，默认localhost。
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">多虚拟主机配置
多虚拟主机配置说明
name 必须是主机名，用主机名来匹配
appBase 当前主机的网页根目录，是相对于 $CATALINA_HOME ，也可以使用绝对路径
unpackWARs 是否自动解压war格式
autoDeploy 热部署，自动加载并运行应用虚拟主机配置过程
再添加和配置一个新的虚拟主机，并将myapp部署到/data/webapps目录下
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
....
#在文件最后面增加下面内容
<Host name="web1.wang.org" appBase="/data/webapps/" unpackWARs="True"
autoDeploy="false">
#虚拟主机专有访问日志
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="web1_access_log" suffix=".txt" pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s
%b" />
</Host>
#以下行是自带的不需要修改
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server> 基于web方式的Host Manager虚拟主机管理
可以通过tomcat的管理页面点下面Host Manager按钮进入管理虚拟主机的页面
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# cat webapps/host-manager/META-INF/context.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Context antiResourceLocking="false" privileged="true" >
<CookieProcessor className="org.apache.tomcat.util.http.Rfc6265CookieProcessor"
sameSiteCookies="strict" />
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve"
allow="127\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+|::1|0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1|172\.29\.\d+\.\d+" />
<Manager sessionAttributeValueClassNameFilter="java\.lang\.(?:Boolean|Integer|Long|Number|String)|org\.apache\.catalina\.filters\.CsrfPreventionFilter\$LruCache(?:\$1)?|java\.util\.(?:Linked)?HashMap"/>
</Context>
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 tomcat]# cat conf/tomcat-users.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<tomcat-users xmlns="http://tomcat.apache.org/xml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://tomcat.apache.org/xml tomcat-users.xsd"
version="1.0">
<role rolename="manager-gui"/>
<role rolename="admin-gui"/>
<user username="admin" password="123456" roles="manager-gui,admin-gui"/>
</tomcat-users>
六、结合反向代理实现 Tomcat 部署
可以利用iptables策略实现端口重定向或DNAT，解决非标准端口的问题
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 --j REDIRECT --to-port 80801、常见部署方式介绍
standalone模式，Tomcat单独运行，直接接受用户的请求，不推荐。
反向代理，单机运行，提供了一个Nginx作为反向代理，可以做到静态由nginx提供响应，动态jsp 代理给Tomcat
LNMT：Linux + Nginx + MySQL + Tomcat
LAMT：Linux + Apache（Httpd）+ MySQL + Tomcat
前置一台Nginx，给多台Tomcat实例做反向代理和负载均衡调度，Tomcat上部署的纯动态页面更 适合
LNMT：Linux + Nginx + MySQL + Tomcat
多级代理
LNNMT：Linux + Nginx + Nginx + MySQL + Tomcat用nginx指令proxy_pass 可以向后端服务器转发请求报文,并且在转发时会保留客户端的请求报文中的 host首部
#从yum源安装nginx
#yum install nginx -y
#vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
#全部反向代理测试
location / {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; # 不管什么请求，都会访问后面的localhost虚拟主机
proxy_pass http://node1.tomcat.com:8080; # 此项将用户访问全部请求转发到node1的虚拟主机上
#proxy_pass http://node2.tomcat.com:8080; #此项将用户访问全部请求转发到node2的虚拟主机上
#proxy_set_header Host $http_host; #转发主机头至后端服务器
#以上两项都需要修改nginx服务器的/etc/hosts,实现node1.tomcat.com和node2.tomcat.com到IP的解析
}
#nginx -t
#systemctl restart nginx
#说明: proxy_pass http://FQDN/ 中的FQDN 决定转发至后端哪个虚拟主机,而与用户请求的URL无关
#如果转到后端的哪个服务器由用户请求决定,可以向后端服务转发请求的主机头实现,示例:
proxy_set_header Host $http_host; 2、实现 HTTPS
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
.....
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.jiutingqiu.com;
#访问http后直接转到https
return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
.....
}
......
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
ssl_certificate /data/www.jiutingqiu.com.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /data/www.jiutingqiu.com.key;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
proxy_pass http://172.29.7.51:8080;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host; #把原来http请求头里的Host字段也转过来
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; #获得用户的真实ip
}
}
.....
}
#nginx语法检查
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful3、实现 Tomcat 负载均衡
动态服务器的问题，往往就是并发能力太弱，往往需要多台动态服务器一起提供服务。如何把并发的压 力分摊，这就需要调度，采用一定的调度策略，将请求分发给不同的服务器，这就是Load Balance负载 均衡。 当单机Tomcat，演化出多机多级部署的时候，一个问题便凸显出来，这就是Session。而这个问题的由 来，都是由于HTTP协议在设计之初没有想到未来的发展。
1.HTTP的无状态，有连接和短连接
无状态：指的是服务器端无法知道2次请求之间的联系，即使是前后2次请求来自同一个浏览器，也没有任何数据能够判断出是同一个浏览器的请求。后来可以通过cookie、session机制来判断。
浏览器端第一次HTTP请求服务器端时，在服务器端使用session这种技术，就可以在服务器端产生一个随机值即SessionID发给浏览器端，浏览器端收到后会保持这个SessionID在Cookie当中，这个Cookie值一般不能持久存储，浏览器关闭就消失。浏览器在每一次提交HTTP请求的时候会把这个SessionID传给服务器端，服务器端就可以通过比对知道是谁了
Session通常会保存在服务器端内存中，如果没有持久化，则易丢失
Session会定时过期。过期后浏览器如果再访问，服务端发现没有此ID，将给浏览器端重新发
新的SessionID
更换浏览器也将重新获得新的SessionID
有连接：是因为它基于TCP协议，是面向连接的，需要3次握手、4次断开。
短连接：Http 1.1之前，都是一个请求一个连接，而Tcp的连接创建销毁成本高，对服务器有很大的影响。所以，自Http 1.1开始，支持keep-alive，默认也开启，一个连接打开后，会保持一段时间（可设置），浏览器再访问该服务器就使用这个Tcp连接，减轻了服务器压力，提高了效率。
服务器端如果故障，即使Session被持久化了，但是服务没有恢复前都不能使用这些SessionID。
如果使用HAProxy或者Nginx等做负载均衡器，调度到了不同的Tomcat上，那么也会出现找不到SessionID的情况。2.会话保持方式
Session sticky 会话黏性
Session绑定
nginx：source ip, cookie
HAProxy：source ip, cookie
优点：简单易配置
缺点：如果目标服务器故障后，如果没有做sessoin持久化，就会丢失session,此方式生产很少使用Session 复制集群
Tomcat自己的提供的多播集群，通过多播将任何一台的session同步到其它节点。
缺点
Tomcat的同步节点不宜过多，互相即时通信同步session需要太多带宽
每一台都拥有全部session，内存损耗太多Session Server
session 共享服务器，使用memcached、redis做共享的Session服务器，此为推荐方式4、负载均衡规划和准备
1.负载均衡主机和网络地址规划
| IP | 主机名 | 服务 | 程序 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 172.29.7.31 | c7-nginx-master-31 | 调度器 | Nginx |
| 172.29.7.51 | c7-tomcat-master-51 | tomcat1 | JDK8、Tomcat8 |
| 172.29.7.52 | c7-tomcat-slave-52 | tomcat2 | JDK8、Tomcat8 |
2.配置index.html文件
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# echo tomcat node1 51 > /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/index.html[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# echo tomcat node2 52 > /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/index.html3.Nginx配置
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
.....
http {
.....
upstream tomcat-server {
#ip_hash; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性,只根据客户端IP的前三位十进制数字
#hash $remote_addr consistent; # 根据客户端IP的全部位
#hash $cookie_JSESSIONID consistent; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性，JSESSIONID可以小写
server 172.29.7.51:8080;
server 172.29.7.52:8080;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.jiutingqiu.com;
location ~* \.(jsp|do)$ {
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server;
#proxy_set_header Host $http_host; #转发主机头至后端服务器
}
#return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
.....
}
.....
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -s reload
4.测试
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# curl 127.0.0.1:80
<html>
<head><title>302 Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>302 Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.22.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# curl -L 172.29.7.31
tomcat node2 52
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# curl -L 172.29.7.31
tomcat node1 515.接下来就是分情况使用这些会话保持选项
#ip_hash; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性,只根据客户端IP的前三位十进制数字
#hash $remote_addr consistent; # 根据客户端IP的全部位
#hash $cookie_JSESSIONID consistent; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性，JSESSIONID可以小写七、Tomcat Session Replication Cluster(Tomcat Session复制集群)
Tomcat 官方实现了 Session 的复制集群,将每个Tomcat的Session进行相互的复制同步,从而保证所有 Tomcat都有相同的Session信息.
1、配置说明
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"
channelSendOptions="8">
<Manager className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.DeltaManager"
expireSessionsOnShutdown="false"
notifyListenersOnReplication="true"/>
<Channel className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.GroupChannel">
<Membership className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.membership.McastService"
address="228.0.0.4" #指定的多播地址
port="45564" #45564/UDP
frequency="500" #间隔500ms发送
dropTime="3000"/> #故障阈值3s
<Receiver className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.NioReceiver"
address="auto" #监听地址,此项建议修改为当前主机的IP（不支持0.0.0.0），如果不修改可能会导致服务无法启动
port="4000" #监听端口
autoBind="100" #如果端口冲突,自动绑定其它端口,范围是4000-4100
selectorTimeout="5000" #自动绑定超时时长5s
maxThreads="6"/>
<Sender
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.ReplicationTransmitter">
<Transport
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.PooledParallelSender"/>
</Sender>
<Interceptor
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.TcpFailureDetector"/>
<Interceptor
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatchIntercep
tor"/>
</Channel>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.ReplicationValve" filter=""/>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteBinderValve"/>
<Deployer className="org.apache.catalina.ha.deploy.FarmWarDeployer"
tempDir="/tmp/war-temp/"
deployDir="/tmp/war-deploy/"
watchDir="/tmp/war-listen/"
watchEnabled="false"/>
<ClusterListener
className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.ClusterSessionListener"/>
</Cluster>Cluster 集群配置
Manager 会话管理器配置
Channel 信道配置
Membership 成员判定。使用什么多播地址、端口多少、间隔时长ms、超时时长ms。同一个多播地址和端口认为同属一个组。使用时修改这个多播地址，以防冲突
Receiver 接收器，多线程接收多个其他节点的心跳、会话信息。默认会从4000到4100依次尝试可用端口
address="auto"，auto可能绑定到127.0.0.1上，所以一定要改为当前主机可用的IP
Sender 多线程发送器，内部使用了tcp连接池。
Interceptor 拦截器
Valve
ReplicationValve 检测哪些请求需要检测Session，Session数据是否有了变化，需要启动复制过程
ClusterListener
ClusterSessionListener 集群session侦听器
使用 <Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"/>
添加到 <Engine> 所有虚拟主机都可以启用Session复制
添加到 <Host> ，该虚拟主机可以启用Session复制
最后，在应用程序内部启用了才可以使用2、修改应用目录下的 WEB-INF/web.xml
注意： 不要修改 conf/web.xml，此文件不起作用
注意：WEB-INF/web.xml文件的如果权限不对，会导致复制失败
</description>
<distributable/> #添加此行
</web-app>
3、练习测试
1.Tomcat Session Replication Cluster规划和准备
| IP | 主机名 | 服务 | 程序 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 172.29.7.31 | c7-nginx-master-31 | 调度器 | Nginx |
| 172.29.7.51 | c7-tomcat-master-51 | tomcat1 | JDK8、Tomcat8 |
| 172.29.7.52 | c7-tomcat-slave-52 | tomcat2 | JDK8、Tomcat8 |
2.Nginx配置
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# cat /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
.....
http {
.....
upstream tomcat-server {
#ip_hash; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性,只根据客户端IP的前三位十进制数字
#hash $remote_addr consistent; # 根据客户端IP的全部位
#hash $cookie_JSESSIONID consistent; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性，JSESSIONID可以小写
server 172.29.7.51:8080;
server 172.29.7.52:8080;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.jiutingqiu.com;
location ~* \.(jsp|do)$ {
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server;
#proxy_set_header Host $http_host; #转发主机头至后端服务器
}
#return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
.....
}
.....
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -s reload3.Tomcat后端配置
c7-tomcat-master-51
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
.......
#<Host></Host>模块中添加
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"
channelSendOptions="8">
<Manager className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.DeltaManager"
expireSessionsOnShutdown="false"
notifyListenersOnReplication="true"/>
<Channel className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.GroupChannel">
<Membership className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.membership.McastService"
address="230.100.100.100" #指定不冲突的多播地址
port="45564"
frequency="500"
dropTime="3000"/>
<Receiver className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.NioReceiver"
address="172.29.7.51" #监听地址,此项建议修改为当前主机的IP，如果不修改可能会导致服务无法启动
port="4000"
autoBind="100"
selectorTimeout="5000"
maxThreads="6"/>
<Sender
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.ReplicationTransmitter">
<Transport
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.PooledParallelSender"/>
</Sender>
<Interceptor
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.TcpFailureDetector"/>
<Interceptor
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatchInterceptor"/>
</Channel>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.ReplicationValve" filter=""/>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteBinderValve"/>
<Deployer className="org.apache.catalina.ha.deploy.FarmWarDeployer"
tempDir="/tmp/war-temp/"
deployDir="/tmp/war-deploy/"
watchDir="/tmp/war-listen/"
watchEnabled="false"/>
<ClusterListener
className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.ClusterSessionListener"/>
</Cluster>
#到这
<!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html -->
<!--
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" />
-->
<!-- Access log processes all example.
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html
Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern="common" -->
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
#重启需要一点时间
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl restart tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl status tomcat
● tomcat.service - Tomcat
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2024-02-14 17:15:55 CST; 971ms ago
Process: 3152 ExecStop=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 3207 ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 3216 (java)
Tasks: 23
CGroup: /system.slice/tomcat.service
└─3216 /usr/local/jdk/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.Cl...
Feb 14 17:15:55 c7-tomcat-master-51 systemd[1]: Starting Tomcat...
Feb 14 17:15:55 c7-tomcat-master-51 systemd[1]: Started Tomcat.
#出错翻找catalina日志
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.2024-02-14.log
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# scp /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml root@172.29.7.52:/usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# tail -n 3 /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/web.xml
</description>
<distributable/> #添加此行
</web-app>c7-tomcat-slave-52
[root@c7-tomcat-master-52 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
.......
#<Host></Host>模块中添加
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"
channelSendOptions="8">
<Manager className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.DeltaManager"
expireSessionsOnShutdown="false"
notifyListenersOnReplication="true"/>
<Channel className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.GroupChannel">
<Membership className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.membership.McastService"
address="230.100.100.100"
port="45564"
frequency="500"
dropTime="3000"/>
<Receiver className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.NioReceiver"
address="172.29.7.51" #此行指定当前主机的IP,其它和T1节点配置相同
port="4000"
autoBind="100"
selectorTimeout="5000"
maxThreads="6"/>
<Sender
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.ReplicationTransmitter">
<Transport
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.PooledParallelSender"/>
</Sender>
<Interceptor
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.TcpFailureDetector"/>
<Interceptor
className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatchInterceptor"/>
</Channel>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.ReplicationValve" filter=""/>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteBinderValve"/>
<Deployer className="org.apache.catalina.ha.deploy.FarmWarDeployer"
tempDir="/tmp/war-temp/"
deployDir="/tmp/war-deploy/"
watchDir="/tmp/war-listen/"
watchEnabled="false"/>
<ClusterListener
className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.ClusterSessionListener"/>
</Cluster>
#到这
<!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html -->
<!--
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" />
-->
<!-- Access log processes all example.
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html
Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern="common" -->
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
[root@c7-tomcat-master-52 ~]# tail -n 3 /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/web.xml
</description>
<distributable/> #添加此行
</web-app>
出错翻找catalina日志
[root@c7-tomcat-master-52 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.2024-02-14.log
#lineNumber: 192; columnNumber: 7; Error at line [192] col 这个就是错误
org.xml.sax.SAXParseException; systemId: file:/usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.85/conf/server.xml; lineNumber: 192; columnNumber: 7; Error at line [192] col umn [7]: [org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatchIntercep tor]
2596 at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester.createSAXException(Digester.java:1966)
2597 at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester.createSAXException(Digester.java:1998)
2598 at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester.startElement(Digester.java:1280)
2599 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractSAXParser.startElement(AbstractSAXParser.java:510)
2600 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractXMLDocumentParser.emptyElement(AbstractXMLDocumentParser.java:183)
2601 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.scanStartElement(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:1341)
2602 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl$FragmentContentDriver.next(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:2786)
2603 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentScannerImpl.next(XMLDocumentScannerImpl.java:605)
2604 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.scanDocument(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:507)
2605 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(XML11Configuration.java:867)
2606 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(XML11Configuration.java:796)
2607 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XMLParser.parse(XMLParser.java:142)
2608 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractSAXParser.parse(AbstractSAXParser.java:1216)
2609 at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.jaxp.SAXParserImpl$JAXPSAXParser.parse(SAXParserImpl.java:644)
2610 at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester.parse(Digester.java:1535)
2611 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.parseServerXml(Catalina.java:617)
2612 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load(Catalina.java:709)
2613 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load(Catalina.java:746)
八、Memcached
Memcached 只支持能序列化的数据类型，不支持持久化，基于Key-Value的内存缓存系统
Memcached 借助了操作系统的 libevent 工具做高效的读写。libevent是个程序库，它将Linux的 epoll、BSD类操作系统的kqueue等事件处理功能封装成统一的接口。即使对服务器的连接数增加，也 能发挥高性能。
memcached使用这个libevent库，因此能在Linux、BSD、Solaris等操作系统上发挥其 高性能 Memcached 支持最大的内存存储对象为1M，超过1M的数据可以使用客户端压缩或拆分报包放到多个 key中，比较大的数据在进行读取的时候需要消耗的时间比较长，memcached 最适合保存用户的 session实现session共享
Memcached存储数据时, Memcached会去申请1MB的内存, 把该块内存称为一个slab, 也称为一个page
1、Memcached安装
1.yum安装
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# yum list memcached --showduplicates
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
Available Packages
memcached.x86_64
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# yum -y install memcached
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# rpm -ql memcached
/etc/sysconfig/memcached
/usr/bin/memcached
/usr/bin/memcached-tool
/usr/lib/systemd/system/memcached.service
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/AUTHORS
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/CONTRIBUTORS
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/COPYING
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/ChangeLog
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/NEWS
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/README.md
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/protocol.txt
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/readme.txt
/usr/share/doc/memcached-1.4.15/threads.txt
/usr/share/man/man1/memcached-tool.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memcached.1.gz2.编译安装
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# yum -y install gcc libevent-devel
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# wget http://www.memcached.org/files/memcached-1.6.23.tar.gz
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# tar xvf memcached-1.6.23.tar.gz
[root@c7-memcached-61 ~]# cd memcached-1.6.23/
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# ./configure --prefix=/apps/memcached
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# make && make install
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# tree /apps/memcached/
/apps/memcached/
├── bin
│ └── memcached
├── include
│ └── memcached
│ ├── protocol_binary.h
│ └── xxhash.h
└── share
└── man
└── man1
└── memcached.1
6 directories, 4 files
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# echo 'PATH=/apps/memcached/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/memcached.sh
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# . /etc/profile.d/memcached.sh
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# echo $PATH
/apps/memcached/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin3.service文件编写
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin memcached
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# vim /etc/sysconfig/memcached
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# cat /etc/sysconfig/memcached
PORT="11211"
USER="memcached"
MAXCONN="1024"
CACHESIZE="64"
OPTIONS="-l 127.0.0.1,::1"
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# cat /lib/systemd/system/memcached.service
[Unit]
Description=memcached daemon
Before=httpd.service
After=network.target
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/etc/sysconfig/memcached
ExecStart=/apps/memcached/bin/memcached -p ${PORT} -u ${USER} -m ${CACHESIZE} -c ${MAXCONN} $OPTIONS
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# systemctl enable --now memcached.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/memcached.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/memcached.service.
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# systemctl status memcached.service
● memcached.service - memcached daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/memcached.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2024-02-15 10:02:25 CST; 28s ago
Main PID: 4640 (memcached)
Tasks: 10
CGroup: /system.slice/memcached.service
└─4640 /apps/memcached/bin/memcached -p 11211 -u memcached -m 64 -c 1024 -l 127.0.0.1,::1
Feb 15 10:02:25 c7-memcached-61 systemd[1]: Started memcached daemon.
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# memcached --version
memcached 1.6.23
2、memcached 启动程序说明
修改memcached 运行参数，可以使用下面的选项修改/etc/sysconfig/memcached文件
memcached 常见选项
-u username memcached运行的用户身份，必须普通用户
-p 绑定的端口，默认11211
-m num 最大内存，单位MB，默认64MB
-c num 最大连接数，缺省1024
-d 守护进程方式运行
-f 增长因子Growth Factor，默认1.25
-v 详细信息，-vv能看到详细信息
-M 使用内存直到耗尽，不许LRU
-U 设置UDP监听端口，0表示禁用UDP3、使用 memcached
memcached工具
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# yum list libmemcached --showduplicates
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.bupt.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
Available Packages
libmemcached.i686 1.0.16-5.el7 base
libmemcached.x86_64 1.0.16-5.el7
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# yum -y install libmemcached
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# rpm -ql libmemcached
/usr/bin/memaslap
/usr/bin/memcapable
/usr/bin/memcat
/usr/bin/memcp
/usr/bin/memdump
/usr/bin/memerror
/usr/bin/memexist
/usr/bin/memflush
/usr/bin/memparse
/usr/bin/memping
/usr/bin/memrm
/usr/bin/memslap
/usr/bin/memstat
/usr/bin/memtouch
/usr/lib64/libhashkit.so.2
/usr/lib64/libhashkit.so.2.0.0
/usr/lib64/libmemcached.so.11
/usr/lib64/libmemcached.so.11.0.0
/usr/lib64/libmemcachedprotocol.so.0
/usr/lib64/libmemcachedprotocol.so.0.0.0
/usr/lib64/libmemcachedutil.so.2
/usr/lib64/libmemcachedutil.so.2.0.0
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16/AUTHORS
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16/COPYING
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16/ChangeLog
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16/README
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16/THANKS
/usr/share/doc/libmemcached-1.0.16/TODO
/usr/share/man/man1/memaslap.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memcapable.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memcat.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memcp.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memdump.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memerror.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memexist.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memflush.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memparse.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memping.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memrm.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memslap.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memstat.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/memtouch.1.gz
#测试memcached是否可用
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# memping --servers=127.0.0.1
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# echo $?
0
#查看memcached状态
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# memstat --servers=127.0.0.1
Server: 127.0.0.1 (11211)
pid: 4640
uptime: 484
time: 1707963027
version: 1.6.23
libevent: 2.0.21-stable
pointer_size: 64
rusage_user: 0.018724
rusage_system: 0.037449
max_connections: 1024
curr_connections: 2
total_connections: 4
rejected_connections: 0
connection_structures: 3
response_obj_oom: 0
response_obj_count: 1
response_obj_bytes: 32768
read_buf_count: 4
read_buf_bytes: 65536
read_buf_bytes_free: 16384
read_buf_oom: 0
reserved_fds: 20
cmd_get: 0
cmd_set: 0
cmd_flush: 0
cmd_touch: 0
cmd_meta: 0
get_hits: 0
get_misses: 0
get_expired: 0
get_flushed: 0
delete_misses: 0
delete_hits: 0
incr_misses: 0
incr_hits: 0
decr_misses: 0
decr_hits: 0
cas_misses: 0
cas_hits: 0
cas_badval: 0
touch_hits: 0
touch_misses: 0
store_too_large: 0
store_no_memory: 0
auth_cmds: 0
auth_errors: 0
bytes_read: 32
bytes_written: 32
limit_maxbytes: 67108864
accepting_conns: 1
listen_disabled_num: 0
time_in_listen_disabled_us: 0
threads: 4
conn_yields: 0
hash_power_level: 16
hash_bytes: 524288
hash_is_expanding: 0
slab_reassign_rescues: 0
slab_reassign_chunk_rescues: 0
slab_reassign_evictions_nomem: 0
slab_reassign_inline_reclaim: 0
slab_reassign_busy_items: 0
slab_reassign_busy_deletes: 0
slab_reassign_running: 0
slabs_moved: 0
lru_crawler_running: 0
lru_crawler_starts: 4
lru_maintainer_juggles: 533
malloc_fails: 0
log_worker_dropped: 0
log_worker_written: 0
log_watcher_skipped: 0
log_watcher_sent: 0
log_watchers: 0
unexpected_napi_ids: 0
round_robin_fallback: 0
bytes: 0
curr_items: 0
total_items: 0
slab_global_page_pool: 0
expired_unfetched: 0
evicted_unfetched: 0
evicted_active: 0
evictions: 0
reclaimed: 0
crawler_reclaimed: 0
crawler_items_checked: 0
lrutail_reflocked: 0
moves_to_cold: 0
moves_to_warm: 0
moves_within_lru: 0
direct_reclaims: 0
lru_bumps_dropped: 04、memcached 操作命令
五种基本 memcached 命令执行最简单的操作。这些命令和操作包括：
set
add
replace
get
delete#前三个命令是用于操作存储在 memcached 中的键值对的标准修改命令,都使用如下所示的语法：
command <key> <flags> <expiration time> <bytes> <value>
#参数说明如下：
command set/add/replace
key key 用于查找缓存值
flags 可以包括键值对的整型参数，客户机使用它存储关于键值对的额外信息
expiration time 在缓存中保存键值对的时间长度（以秒为单位，0 表示永远）
bytes 在缓存中存储的字节数
value 存储的值（始终位于第二行）
#增加key，过期时间为秒，bytes为存储数据的字节数
add key flags exptime bytes [root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# yum -y install telnet
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
stats
STAT pid 4640
STAT uptime 895
STAT time 1707963438
STAT version 1.6.23
STAT libevent 2.0.21-stable
STAT pointer_size 64
STAT rusage_user 0.032486
STAT rusage_system 0.064972
STAT max_connections 1024
STAT curr_connections 2
STAT total_connections 5
STAT rejected_connections 0
STAT connection_structures 3
STAT response_obj_oom 0
STAT response_obj_count 1
STAT response_obj_bytes 49152
STAT read_buf_count 6
STAT read_buf_bytes 98304
STAT read_buf_bytes_free 32768
STAT read_buf_oom 0
STAT reserved_fds 20
STAT cmd_get 0
STAT cmd_set 0
STAT cmd_flush 0
STAT cmd_touch 0
STAT cmd_meta 0
STAT get_hits 0
STAT get_misses 0
STAT get_expired 0
STAT get_flushed 0
STAT delete_misses 0
STAT delete_hits 0
STAT incr_misses 0
STAT incr_hits 0
STAT decr_misses 0
STAT decr_hits 0
STAT cas_misses 0
STAT cas_hits 0
STAT cas_badval 0
STAT touch_hits 0
STAT touch_misses 0
STAT store_too_large 0
STAT store_no_memory 0
STAT auth_cmds 0
STAT auth_errors 0
STAT bytes_read 45
STAT bytes_written 2244
STAT limit_maxbytes 67108864
STAT accepting_conns 1
STAT listen_disabled_num 0
STAT time_in_listen_disabled_us 0
STAT threads 4
STAT conn_yields 0
STAT hash_power_level 16
STAT hash_bytes 524288
STAT hash_is_expanding 0
STAT slab_reassign_rescues 0
STAT slab_reassign_chunk_rescues 0
STAT slab_reassign_evictions_nomem 0
STAT slab_reassign_inline_reclaim 0
STAT slab_reassign_busy_items 0
STAT slab_reassign_busy_deletes 0
STAT slab_reassign_running 0
STAT slabs_moved 0
STAT lru_crawler_running 0
STAT lru_crawler_starts 5
STAT lru_maintainer_juggles 945
STAT malloc_fails 0
STAT log_worker_dropped 0
STAT log_worker_written 0
STAT log_watcher_skipped 0
STAT log_watcher_sent 0
STAT log_watchers 0
STAT unexpected_napi_ids 0
STAT round_robin_fallback 0
STAT bytes 0
STAT curr_items 0
STAT total_items 0
STAT slab_global_page_pool 0
STAT expired_unfetched 0
STAT evicted_unfetched 0
STAT evicted_active 0
STAT evictions 0
STAT reclaimed 0
STAT crawler_reclaimed 0
STAT crawler_items_checked 0
STAT lrutail_reflocked 0
STAT moves_to_cold 0
STAT moves_to_warm 0
STAT moves_within_lru 0
STAT direct_reclaims 0
STAT lru_bumps_dropped 0
END
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
quit
Connection closed by foreign host.
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]#增
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
add mykey 1 60 4
test
STORED查
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
get mykey
VALUE mykey 1 4
test
END改
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
set mykey 1 60 5
test1
STORED
get mykey
VALUE mykey 1 5
test1
END删
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
delete mykey
DELETED
get mykey
END清除
[root@c7-memcached-61 memcached-1.6.23]# telnet localhost 11211
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
flush_all
OK九、Session 共享服务器
1、MSM 介绍
MSM（memcached session manager）提供将Tomcat的session保持到memcached或Redis的程序， 可以实现高可用。
2、安装
参考链接: https://github.com/magro/memcached-session-manager/wiki/SetupAndConfiguration
将spymemcached.jar、memcached-session-manage、kyro相关的jar文件都放到Tomcat的lib目录中 去，这个目录是 $CATALINA_HOME/lib/ ，对应本次安装就是/usr/local/tomcat/lib。
3、Sticky 模式
1.Sticky 模式工作原理
sticky 模式即前端tomcat和后端memcached有关联(粘性)关系
t1和m1部署可以在一台主机上，t2和m2部署也可以在同一台。
当新用户发请求到Tomcat1时, Tomcat1生成session返回给用户的同时,也会同时发给memcached2备 份。即Tomcat1 session为主session，memcached2 session为备用session，使用memcached相当 于备份了一份Session
如果Tomcat1发现memcached2 失败,无法备份Session到memcached2,则将Sessoin备份存放在 memcached1中
2.配置过程
Sticky准备规划
| IP | 主机名 | 服务 | 软件 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 172.29.7.31 | c7-nginx-master-31 | proxy | Nginx |
| 172.29.7.51 | c7-tomcat-master-51 | tomcat1 | Tomcat、memcached |
| 172.29.7.52 | c7-tomcat-slave-52 | tomcat2 | Tomcat、memcached |
配置 Nginx 充当 Proxy
upstream tomcat-server {
#ip_hash; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性,只根据客户端IP的前三位十进制数字
#hash $remote_addr consistent; # 根据客户端IP的全部位
#hash $cookie_JSESSIONID consistent; # 先禁用看看轮询，之后开启开黏性，JSESSIONID可以小写
server 172.29.7.51:8080;
server 172.29.7.52:8080;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.jiutingqiu.com;
location / {
#proxy_set_header Host $http_host; #转发主机头至后端服务器
}
#return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
location ~* \.(jsp|do)$ {
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server;
}
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /apps/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@c7-nginx-master-31 ~]# nginx -s reload配置 Memcached
c7-tomcat-master-51
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# yum -y install memcached
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/memcached
PORT="11211"
USER="memcached"
MAXCONN="1024"
CACHESIZE="64"
#注释下面这一行
#OPTIONS=""
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl enable --now memcached.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/memcached.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/memcached.service.c7-tomcat-slave-52
和tomcat1一样的过程
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# yum -y install memcached
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/memcached
PORT="11211"
USER="memcached"
MAXCONN="1024"
CACHESIZE="64"
#OPTIONS=""
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# systemctl enable --now memcached.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/memcached.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/memcached.service.配置Tomcat
c7-tomcat-master-51
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
<Host name="localhost" appBase="/data/webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
</Host>
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# mkdir -p /data/webapps/ROOT
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cp -r /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/* /data/webapps/ROOT/
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# echo > /data/webapps/ROOT/index.jsp
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /data/webapps/ROOT/index.jsp
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>tomcat test</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> tomcat website </h1>
<div>On <%=request.getServerName() %></div>
<div><%=request.getLocalAddr() + ":" + request.getLocalPort() %></div>
<div>SessionID = <span style="color:blue"><%=session.getId() %></span></div>
<%=new Date()%>
</body>
</html>
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# chown -R tomcat:tomcat /data
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# systemctl restart tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/context.xml
<WatchedResource>${catalina.base}/conf/web.xml</WatchedResource>
<!-- Uncomment this to disable session persistence across Tomcat restarts -->
<!--
<Manager pathname="" />
-->
<Manager className="de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedBackupSessionManager"
memcachedNodes="n1:1172.29.7.51:11211,n2:172.29.7.52:11211"
failoverNodes="n1"
requestUriIgnorePattern=".*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$"
transcoderFactoryClass="de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoderFactory"
/>
</Context>
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat/lib/
#下载相关jar包,参考下面官方说明的下载链接
#https://github.com/magro/memcached-session-manager/wiki/SetupAndConfiguration
#将相关包传到lib/目录下,共10个文件
asm-5.2.jar
kryo-3.0.3.jar
kryo-serializers-0.45.jar
memcached-session-manager-2.3.2.jar
memcached-session-manager-tc8-2.3.2.jar
minlog-1.3.1.jar
msm-kryo-serializer-2.3.2.jar
objenesis-2.6.jar
reflectasm-1.11.9.jar
spymemcached-2.12.3.jar
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 lib]# ls -1
annotations-api.jar
asm-5.2.jar
catalina-ant.jar
catalina-ha.jar
catalina.jar
catalina-ssi.jar
catalina-storeconfig.jar
catalina-tribes.jar
ecj-4.20.jar
el-api.jar
jasper-el.jar
jasper.jar
jaspic-api.jar
jedis-3.0.0.jar
jsp-api.jar
kryo-3.0.3.jar
kryo-serializers-0.45.jar
memcached-session-manager-2.3.2.jar
memcached-session-manager-tc9-2.3.2.jar
minlog-1.3.1.jar
msm-kryo-serializer-2.3.2.jar
objenesis-2.6.jar
reflectasm-1.11.9.jar
servlet-api.jar
spymemcached-2.12.3.jar
tomcat-api.jar
tomcat-coyote.jar
tomcat-dbcp.jar
tomcat-i18n-cs.jar
tomcat-i18n-de.jar
tomcat-i18n-es.jar
tomcat-i18n-fr.jar
tomcat-i18n-ja.jar
tomcat-i18n-ko.jar
tomcat-i18n-pt-BR.jar
tomcat-i18n-ru.jar
tomcat-i18n-zh-CN.jar
tomcat-jdbc.jar
tomcat-jni.jar
tomcat-util.jar
tomcat-util-scan.jar
tomcat-websocket.jar
websocket-api.jar
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 lib]# systemctl restart tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 lib]# systemctl status tomcat
● tomcat.service - Tomcat
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2024-02-15 11:37:57 CST; 4s ago
Process: 2741 ExecStop=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 2774 ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2782 (java)
Tasks: 18
CGroup: /system.slice/tomcat.service
└─2782 /usr/local/jdk/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.Cl...
Feb 15 11:37:57 c7-tomcat-master-51 systemd[1]: Starting Tomcat...
Feb 15 11:37:57 c7-tomcat-master-51 systemd[1]: Started Tomcat.
c7-tomcat-slave-52
配置也相同
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
<Host name="localhost" appBase="/data/webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
</Host>
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# mkdir -p /data/webapps/ROOT
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cp -r /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/* /data/webapps/ROOT/
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# echo > /data/webapps/ROOT/index.jsp
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cat /data/webapps/ROOT/index.jsp
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>tomcat test</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> tomcat website </h1>
<div>On <%=request.getServerName() %></div>
<div><%=request.getLocalAddr() + ":" + request.getLocalPort() %></div>
<div>SessionID = <span style="color:blue"><%=session.getId() %></span></div>
<%=new Date()%>
</body>
</html>
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# chown -R tomcat:tomcat /data
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# systemctl restart tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/context.xml
<WatchedResource>${catalina.base}/conf/web.xml</WatchedResource>
<!-- Uncomment this to disable session persistence across Tomcat restarts -->
<!--
<Manager pathname="" />
-->
<Manager className="de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedBackupSessionManager"
memcachedNodes="n1:1172.29.7.51:11211,n2:172.29.7.52:11211"
failoverNodes="n1"
requestUriIgnorePattern=".*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$"
transcoderFactoryClass="de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoderFactory"
/>
</Context>
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat/lib/
#下载相关jar包,参考下面官方说明的下载链接
#https://github.com/magro/memcached-session-manager/wiki/SetupAndConfiguration
#将相关包传到lib/目录下,共10个文件
asm-5.2.jar
kryo-3.0.3.jar
kryo-serializers-0.45.jar
memcached-session-manager-2.3.2.jar
memcached-session-manager-tc8-2.3.2.jar
minlog-1.3.1.jar
msm-kryo-serializer-2.3.2.jar
objenesis-2.6.jar
reflectasm-1.11.9.jar
spymemcached-2.12.3.jar
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 lib]# ls -1
annotations-api.jar
asm-5.2.jar
catalina-ant.jar
catalina-ha.jar
catalina.jar
catalina-ssi.jar
catalina-storeconfig.jar
catalina-tribes.jar
ecj-4.20.jar
el-api.jar
jasper-el.jar
jasper.jar
jaspic-api.jar
jedis-3.0.0.jar
jsp-api.jar
kryo-3.0.3.jar
kryo-serializers-0.45.jar
memcached-session-manager-2.3.2.jar
memcached-session-manager-tc9-2.3.2.jar
minlog-1.3.1.jar
msm-kryo-serializer-2.3.2.jar
objenesis-2.6.jar
reflectasm-1.11.9.jar
servlet-api.jar
spymemcached-2.12.3.jar
tomcat-api.jar
tomcat-coyote.jar
tomcat-dbcp.jar
tomcat-i18n-cs.jar
tomcat-i18n-de.jar
tomcat-i18n-es.jar
tomcat-i18n-fr.jar
tomcat-i18n-ja.jar
tomcat-i18n-ko.jar
tomcat-i18n-pt-BR.jar
tomcat-i18n-ru.jar
tomcat-i18n-zh-CN.jar
tomcat-jdbc.jar
tomcat-jni.jar
tomcat-util.jar
tomcat-util-scan.jar
tomcat-websocket.jar
websocket-api.jar
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 lib]# systemctl restart tomcat
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 lib]# systemctl status tomcat
● tomcat.service - Tomcat
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2024-02-15 11:37:57 CST; 4s ago
Process: 2741 ExecStop=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 2774 ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2782 (java)
Tasks: 18
CGroup: /system.slice/tomcat.service
└─2782 /usr/local/jdk/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.Cl...
Feb 15 11:37:57 c7-tomcat-slave-52 systemd[1]: Starting Tomcat...
Feb 15 11:37:57 c7-tomcat-slave-52 systemd[1]: Started Tomcat.
查看Tomcat日志
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# tail -n 20 /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.out
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.209 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedSessionService.startInternal starts initialization... (configured nodes definition n1:172.29.7.51:11211,n2:172.29.7.52:11211, failover nodes n1)
2024-02-15 12:09:59.236 INFO net.spy.memcached.MemcachedConnection: Setting retryQueueSize to -1
2024-02-15 12:09:59.239 INFO net.spy.memcached.MemcachedConnection: Added {QA sa=/172.29.7.51:11211, #Rops=0, #Wops=0, #iq=0, topRop=null, topWop=null, toWrite=0, interested=0} to connect queue
2024-02-15 12:09:59.240 INFO net.spy.memcached.MemcachedConnection: Added {QA sa=/172.29.7.52:11211, #Rops=0, #Wops=0, #iq=0, topRop=null, topWop=null, toWrite=0, interested=0} to connect queue
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.242 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.RequestTrackingHostValve.<init> Setting ignorePattern to .*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.248 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedSessionService.setLockingMode Setting lockingMode to null
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.251 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedSessionService.createTranscoderFactory Creating transcoder factory de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoderFactory
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.255 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoder.<init> Starting with initialBufferSize 102400, maxBufferSize 2048000 and defaultSerializerFactory de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.DefaultFieldSerializerFactory
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.259 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedSessionService.startInternal --------
- finished initialization:
- sticky: true
- operation timeout: 1000
- node ids: [n2]
- failover node ids: [n1]
- storage key prefix: null
- locking mode: null (expiration: 5s)
--------
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.272 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deployment of web application directory [/data/webapps/ROOT] has finished in [342] ms
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.274 INFO [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.start Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
15-Feb-2024 12:09:59.282 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start Server startup in [379] milliseconds
4、Non-Sticky 模式
1.Non-Sticky 模式工作原理
non-sticky 模式即前端tomcat和后端memcached无关联(无粘性)关系
Tomcat session为中转Session，对每一个SessionID随机选中后端的memcached节点n1(或者n2)为主 session，而另一个memcached节点n2(或者是n1)为备session。产生的新的Session会发送给主、备 memcached，并清除本地Session。
后端两个memcached服务器对一个session来说是一个是主,一个是备,但对所有session信息来说每个 memcached即是主同时也是备
如果n1下线，n2则转正。n1再次上线，n2依然是主Session存储节点。
2.配置过程
Non-Sticky 准备规划
| IP | 主机名 | 服务 | 软件 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 172.29.7.31 | c7-nginx-master-31 | proxy | Nginx |
| 172.29.7.51 | c7-tomcat-master-51 | tomcat1 | Tomcat、memcached |
| 172.29.7.52 | c7-tomcat-slave-52 | tomcat2 | Tomcat、memcached |
Memcached 配置
c7-tomcat-master-51
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/context.xml
<WatchedResource>${catalina.base}/conf/web.xml</WatchedResource>
<!-- Uncomment this to disable session persistence across Tomcat restarts -->
<!--
<Manager pathname="" />
-->
<Manager className="de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedBackupSessionManager"
memcachedNodes="n1:1172.29.7.51:11211,n2:172.29.7.52:11211"
#新加这三行
sticky="false"
sessionBackupAsync="false"
lockingMode="uriPattern:/path1|/path2"
requestUriIgnorePattern=".*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$"
transcoderFactoryClass="de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoderFactory"
/>
</Context>
#查看日志
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# tail -n 20 /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.out
15-Feb-2024 12:42:19.861 INFO [main] de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedSessionService.startInternal --------
- finished initialization:
- sticky: false
- operation timeout: 1000
- node ids: [n1, n2]
- failover node ids: []
- storage key prefix: null
- locking mode: uriPattern:/path1|/path2 (expiration: 5s)c7-tomcat-slave-52
操作相同
[root@c7-tomcat-slave-52 ~]# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/context.xml
<WatchedResource>${catalina.base}/conf/web.xml</WatchedResource>
<!-- Uncomment this to disable session persistence across Tomcat restarts -->
<!--
<Manager pathname="" />
-->
<Manager className="de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedBackupSessionManager"
memcachedNodes="n1:1172.29.7.51:11211,n2:172.29.7.52:11211"
#新加这三行
sticky="false"
sessionBackupAsync="false"
lockingMode="uriPattern:/path1|/path2"
requestUriIgnorePattern=".*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$"
transcoderFactoryClass="de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoderFactory"
/>
</Context>十、Tomcat优化
在目前流行的互联网架构中，Tomcat 在目前的网络编程中是举足轻重的，由于Tomcat的运行依赖于 JVM，从虚拟机的角度把Tomcat的调整分为外部环境调优 JVM 和 Tomcat 自身调优两部分
1、JVM 组成
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_262"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_262-b10) #运行环境
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.262-b10, mixed mode) #JVM1.JVM 组成部分
类加载子系统: 使用Java语言编写.java Source Code文件，通过javac编译成.class Byte Code文件。class loader类加载器将所需所有类加载到内存，必要时将类实例化成实例
运行时数据区: 最消耗内存的空间,需要优化
执行引擎: 包括JIT (JustInTimeCompiler)即时编译器, GC垃圾回收器
本地方法接口: 将本地方法栈通过JNI(Java Native Interface)调用Native Method Libraries, 比如:C,C++库等,扩展Java功能,融合不同的编程语言为Java所用2.虚拟机
目前HotSpot是最主要的 JVM。
安卓程序需要运行在JVM上，而安卓平台使用了Google自研的Java虚拟机——Dalvid，适合于内存、处理器能力有限系统。3.垃圾收集器
在堆内存中如果创建的对象不再使用,仍占用着内存,此时即为垃圾.需要即使进行垃圾回收,从而释放内存空间给其它对象使用4.jvm的相关工具
jps 查看所有jvm进程
jinfo 查看进程的运行环境参数，主要是jvm命令行参数
jstat 对jvm应用程序的资源和性能进行实时监控
jstack 查看所有线程的运行状态
jmap 查看jvm占用物理内存的状态
jhat +UseParNew
jconsole 图形工具
jvisualvm 图形工具,jdk-8u361版后被取消2、Tomcat优化常用配置
1.内存空间优化
JAVA_OPTS="-server -Xms4g -Xmx4g -XX:NewSize= -XX:MaxNewSize= "
-server：服务器模式
-Xms：堆内存初始化大小
-Xmx：堆内存空间上限
-XX:NewSize=：新生代空间初始化大小
-XX:MaxNewSize=：新生代空间最大值2.线程池调整
[root@c7-tomcat-master-51 ~]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
......
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" maxThreads="2000"/>
......
常用属性：
connectionTimeout ：连接超时时长,单位ms
maxThreads：最大线程数，默认200
minSpareThreads：最小空闲线程数
maxSpareThreads：最大空闲线程数
acceptCount：当启动线程满了之后，等待队列的最大长度，默认100
URIEncoding：URI 地址编码格式，建议使用 UTF-8
enableLookups：是否启用客户端主机名的DNS反向解析，缺省禁用，建议禁用，就使用客户端IP就行
compression：是否启用传输压缩机制，建议 "on"，CPU和流量的平衡
compressionMinSize：启用压缩传输的数据流最小值，单位是字节
compressableMimeType：定义启用压缩功能的MIME类型text/html, text/xml, text/css, text/javascript